Birendra Prasad GuptaEmail author, Anurag Adhikari, Ramanuj Rauniyar, Roshan Kurmi, Bishnu Prasad Upadhya, Bimlesh Kumar Jha, Basudev Pandey and Krishna Das Manandhar.
Abstract
Background
Dengue viral infections are known to pose a significant risk during travel to tropical regions, but it is surprising to find dengue transmission in the hilly region of Nepal, which is over 1800 m above sea level.
Case presentation
A 43-year-old Caucasian female traveller from France presented with fever and abdominal pain following a diarrheal illness while visiting the central hilly region of Nepal. Over the course of 9 days, she developed fever, body aches, and joint pain, with haemorrhagic manifestation. She was hospitalized in India and treated with supportive care, with daily monitoring of her platelets. An assessment by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay showed that she was positive for dengue non-structural protein 1. Upon her return to France, dengue virus was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction.
Conclusion
The district where this dengue case was reported is in the hilly region of Nepal, neighbouring the capital city Kathmandu. To the best of our knowledge, there have previously been no dengue cases reported from the district. This study is important because it aims to establish a potential region of dengue virus circulation not only in the tropics, but also in the subtropics as well, which in Nepal may exceed elevations of 1800 m. This recent case report has raised alarm among concerned health personnel, researchers, and organizations that this infectious disease is now on the way to becoming established in a temperate climate.
Keywords
Dengue virus - Hilly region - Nepal -Travel
Background
Dengue is a mosquito-borne flaviviral infection that is endemic to the tropics and subtropics, affecting up to 100 million people per year [1]. The presentation of dengue virus (DENV) infection can be asymptomatic or manifest as a febrile illness; dengue fever. However, subsets of patients may develop dengue haemorrhagic fever, with complications such as gastrointestinal bleeding and ecchymoses, which may result in the potentially lethal form of the disease; dengue shock syndrome [2–4]. Around the world there are four distinct dengue virus serotypes (DENV 1–4) [5]. Interestingly, infection with one serotype confers serotype-specific immunity to the host; however, if subsequent infection occurs with a different serotype, it can predispose the host to a grave clinical outcome [6–8].
Nepal shares an open border with India, an endemic region for DENV, thus is susceptible to an unprecedented flow of virus through infected patients crossing the border. Regulatory checkpoints and quarantines are not currently in place along the Nepali border. In 2013, a Nepali team isolated and characterized DENV circulating in a part of the eastern Terai that had previously seen cases of dengue in 2006 [9]. Comparing the data, Singh et al. [10] reported that, in fact, there were two different strains of DENV circulating in Nepal, raising the spectre of an alarming dengue situation in Nepal.
We report a case of DENV infection in a Caucasian woman while she was traveling through the hilly region of Nepal.
Case presentation
A 43-year-old Caucasian female arrived in Kathmandu from Paris, and the same day travelled to Kavre District, in the inner hilly region (elevation: 1800 m) of Nepal. Nine days after arriving in the hilly region, she developed fever, body aches and joint pain. She also experienced loose stools and vomiting along with haemorrhagic manifestations such as facial flushing, petechiae and edema. She was subsequently admitted to a hospital in Goa, India, owing to health insurance requirements. Upon examination, her blood pressure and other vital signs were normal, without abdominal distension or bleeding. Ultrasonography of her abdomen and pelvis showed borderline splenomegaly (12 cm). An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay was positive for dengue non-structural protein 1, although tests for immunoglobulins G and M were negative. She was given supportive care, including intravenous fluids. Daily monitoring of her platelet count revealed values as low as 37,000/mm3 (Table 1). She was discharged from the hospital in Goa after 5 days, and returned to Paris, where she was hospitalized briefly and discharged. Dengue virus was confirmed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction in Paris.
Table 1
Laboratory parameters of dengue case
| Test | Result |
| Hemoglobin | 13.6 g/dL |
| Packed cell volume | 39.1 L/L |
| Test | Result |
| Platelets | 37,000/mm3 |
| Total bilirubin | 0.9 mg/dL |
| Direct bilirubin | 0.4 mg/dL |
| Serum glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase | 93 IU/L |
| Serum glutamic-pyruvic transaminase | 54 IU/L |
| Alkaline phosphatase | 53 IU/L |
| Total proteins | 7.7 g/dL |
| Albumin | 4 g/dL |
| Globulin | 3.7 g/dL |
| Albumin to globulin Ratio | 1.08 |
| Gamma-glutamyl transferase | 45 IU/L |
| Dengue immunoglobulin G and M | Negative |
| Dengue non-structural protein 1 antigen | Positive |
Discussion
The first case of DENV2 infection in Nepal was reported in 2004 in a Japanese traveller [11]. Subsequently, confirmed cases were reported from nine districts in the lowland Terai region of Nepal in 2006, and all four DENV serotypes were found to be co-circulating that year [9]. Over the years, the Terai belt, located south of the Himalayan foothills, has become an established dengue region. However, only limited data have been generated about DENV infection and disease in Nepal. Two major outbreaks have occurred in Nepal: one in 2010, dominated by DENV1, and the other in 2013, dominated by DENV2 [10, 12]. Dengue was reported in the highlands for the first time during the 2010 outbreak [12]. The 2013 outbreak also affected the highlands, including Kathmandu, though it was predominantly confined to Chitwan, Rupandehi, Parsa, and Dhanusa [10]. The shift of the viral disease from the subtropical Terai belt to the temperate hill region of Nepal is relevant to medical science because the disease could easily spread all over the world in the future, irrespective of climate [13]. The village to which the patient had travelled is at an elevation of 1800 m. It is becoming apparent that DENV is adapting to temperate climates as well. This may be because of temperature change due to global warming, the resistance of mosquitoes to drugs, or other factors, all of which may have contributed to the increase in dengue fever cases around the world in recent years.
Reports of dengue among travellers worldwide have been increasing, but high-quality data on incidence are lacking. The increase in international travel to dengue-endemic regions, with the associated risk of travel-acquired dengue, poses a serious concern [14]. The shift in temperature around the world has enabled DENV to thrive in colder regions where it was previously not reported. To look for the causes, the mosquito vector Aedes spp. and mutations in the virus should be the foci of future research. A. aegypti was first reported in Kathmandu in 2010 and the vectors may have now established populations up in the mountains [12]. Serotype and genotype shifts have been reported based on sequencing of specific viral regions [15]. In-depth molecular study of the virus found in the hill region of Nepal might give insights into the climatic shift of dengue disease. Therefore, the authors strongly recommend active surveillance and identification of mosquitoes along with whole genome sequencing of the virus for greater awareness as well as knowledge of dengue fever and dengue haemorrhagic fever transmission.
Conclusion
This is the second report of DENV infection in a foreigner travelling in Nepal, after the case in a Japanese traveller reported in 2004. Although initially it was thought that only the Terai belt of Nepal was endemic for dengue, a number of dengue cases are also being reported from the hill region. The Government of Nepal should take the initiative to eliminate adult mosquitoes, as well as larvae and eggs, to prevent further transmission of arboviruses in the hill region of Nepal, which is one of the most attractive touristic sites in Nepal.
Open Access
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