Cohesion

Substitution

We can avoid repeating a word or expression that has been used before by substituting it with other words.

Substituting a noun or noun phrase with a pronoun

(Note that one replaces countable nouns, and some replaces uncountable nouns.)

Substituting a verb or verb phrase with do, does or did

Substituting with so and not

We substitute a clause, or an adjective or adverb, with so.

We substitute a clause in the negative with not.

Instead of repeating information in a that clause, we can substitute the information with so. We do this with hope, suppose, imagine, believe, think, guess, be afraid and expect.

To put this in the negative, we use not.

We can also use the verb in negative + so.

The verb in negative cannot be used with hope or be afraid.