1. Expressing causes and results.

Look at these sentences from the blog in READING.
Taking performance-enhancing drugs results in serious health problems and leads to a greatly-reduced life expectancy.
Smoking and drinking cause long-term health problems, too.
The problem of doping is caused by the pressure on athletes to win.

Lead to, result in, cause and be caused by are all used to talk about the cause or result of an action or situation.

A leads to B.
A results in B.
A causes B.
B is caused by A.

Type in the missing words to complete the sentences.

For more information about expressing cause and result see the Grammar Reference.

2. Giving reasons.

Because, because of, since and due to are used to give the reason for an action or situation.
He was disqualified because he failed a drugs test.
 Because he failed a drugs test, he was disqualified.

Because and since are followed by a subject + verb.

He was disqualified because / since he failed a drugs test.

Because of and due to are followed by a noun or -ing form.

He was disqualified because of / due to a failed drugs test.
 He was disqualified because of / due to failing a drugs test.

Choose the correct option to complete these sentences from the blog in READING.

3. Giving reasons.

Decide if the sentences are correct or incorrect.

4. Writing.

Rewrite these sentences to make new sentences that are similar in meaning. Use the word(s) in bold.

For example:
Her injury was caused by an accident.
(due to)
Her injury was due to an accident.

 

5. Talking about coercion.

Look at these sentences from the blog in READING.

I'd persuade my child to take up another hobby if he showed promise as a cyclist.
The only solution is to make athletes take blood tests all year round.
Nobody forces athletes to take drugs.
They know the risks and we should let them make their own decisions!
We won't get athletes to change their behaviour till we change ours!

Drag each verb below onto the correct box.

6. Talking about coercion.

Write what a young athlete's trainers made her do. Use the verbs in brackets.

For example:
"You must train for eight hours a day." (make)
They made her train for eight hours a day.

7. Passive forms.

The verbs make, persuade and force can also be used in the passive. Note that in the passive, make is followed by the infinitive with to.
They made her do it. She was made to do it.
They forced her to do it. She was forced to do it.
They persuaded her to do it. She was persuaded to do it.

 

Rewrite these sentences in the passive.